GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE, AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES

Abstract

Introduction: Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is an acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy of autoimmune origin, characterized by progressive muscle weakness and potential respiratory compromise, constituting a neurological emergency of global relevance. Its occurrence is frequently associated with previous infections and has a significant impact on morbidity and mortality. Objective: To critically analyze recent scientific evidence on Guillain-Barré Syndrome, addressing epidemiological, pathophysiological, clinical, and therapeutic aspects. Methods: This is a systematic literature review, conducted in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO, and LILACS databases, including studies published between 2013 and 2023. Original articles, systematic reviews, and observational studies addressing GBS were selected. After applying the eligibility criteria, 74 studies comprised the qualitative synthesis. Results and Discussion: Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) has a global incidence of between 0.8 and 2 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, with a higher incidence in men and the elderly. Approximately two-thirds of cases are preceded by infections, highlighting the role of molecular mimicry in the pathophysiology. Clinically, it manifests as ascending weakness and can progress to respiratory failure. The main therapies include intravenous immunoglobulin and plasmapheresis, with early treatment being crucial for better outcomes. Despite this, complications and sequelae persist in a significant proportion of patients. Conclusion: GBS remains a relevant clinical challenge, requiring early diagnosis and appropriate management. An integrated understanding of its determinants contributes to improving clinical practice and guiding future research.