A LITERATURE REVIEW ON BACTERIAL MENINGITIS IN PEDIATRICS: DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES

Abstract

Introduction: Bacterial meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges that can lead to severe neurological complications and mortality, especially in children. This condition is a medical emergency that requires rapid diagnosis and treatment to prevent adverse outcomes. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b are the main pathogens responsible for most cases in pediatrics. Objective: This review aims to explore the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to pediatric meningitis. Methods: A literature review was conducted based on studies published between 2009 and 2024, using the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. The inclusion criteria covered studies focused on diagnostics and therapies applicable to the pediatric population. Results and Discussion: Rapid diagnosis is crucial due to the fast progression of bacterial meningitis. Lumbar puncture, allowing the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), remains the standard diagnostic method, complemented by molecular techniques such as PCR, which improve diagnostic accuracy. Immediate empirical treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics is essential until etiological confirmation is obtained. Additionally, conjugate vaccines have significantly reduced the incidence of bacterial meningitis, although continuous surveillance and adaptation of vaccination strategies are necessary to maintain preventive efficacy. Conclusion: Bacterial meningitis is a critical pediatric emergency requiring precise diagnostics and rapid treatment. Vaccines continue to play a vital role in prevention, but continuous surveillance and the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are essential to reduce the disease burden.