HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN ETIOLOGICAL AGENTS, COMPLICATIONS, AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the main etiological agents associated with healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), as well as their clinical complications and hospital outcomes, based on recent scientific literature. This is an integrative review with a qualitative approach, conducted using the SciELO and LILACS databases, including studies published between 2020 and 2024, available in full text in Portuguese, English, and Spanish. The analysis revealed a predominance of multidrug-resistant microorganisms, especially Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. The main factors associated with HAIs included the use of invasive devices, prolonged stay in intensive care units, and inadequate adherence to biosafety measures. The most frequent complications were sepsis, multiple organ dysfunction, increased hospital mortality, prolonged hospitalization, and higher risk of readmission. Healthcare-associated infections were identified as a multifactorial phenomenon resulting from the interaction between patient clinical conditions, microbial characteristics, and healthcare service organization. Strengthening epidemiological surveillance, promoting rational antimicrobial use, and ensuring strict adherence to preventive strategies are essential to reduce HAI incidence and improve healthcare outcomes.