BARRIERS TO THE EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER IN BRAZIL: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Abstract

Introduction: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in social communication and interaction, as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. Early diagnosis is one of the main factors associated with improved cognitive, behavioral, and adaptive outcomes, enabling more effective interventions and a better prognosis. Despite significant scientific advances over recent decades, important challenges related to the early identification of ASD persist in Brazil. Objective: To identify and analyze the main barriers that hinder the early diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Brazil and their impact on timely access to multidisciplinary intervention. Methodology: This is an observational, cross-sectional, descriptive, and comparative epidemiological study with a quantitative approach, based on the analysis of secondary data obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Autism Map of Brazil (MAB), and indexed scientific literature. Results and Discussion: The analysis revealed discrepancies among ASD prevalence estimates reported by different data sources, suggesting the possibility of underdiagnosis and delayed diagnosis within the Brazilian context. The main factors associated with this scenario include insufficient training of Primary Health Care professionals to recognize early signs of ASD, unequal distribution of specialized services across the country, socioeconomic barriers limiting access to healthcare, and the limited implementation of systematic developmental screening protocols. These factors contribute to delayed case identification and, consequently, postpone the initiation of therapeutic interventions. Conclusion: It is concluded that strengthening public policies aimed at the early detection of ASD, improving the training of healthcare professionals, and expanding specialized healthcare networks are essential measures to reduce the impacts associated with delayed diagnosis. The implementation of systematic developmental screening strategies and broader access to specialized services may contribute to earlier diagnosis and improved outcomes for individuals with ASD.