THERMAL STRESS AND PREGNANCY: EFFECTS OF HEAT WAVES ON MATERNAL-FETAL HEALTH

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the effects of thermal stress caused by heat waves on maternal-fetal health, highlighting the main pathophysiological mechanisms and associated adverse outcomes. This is a qualitative literature review conducted using the PubMed, MEDLINE, and Scopus databases, including studies published between 2022 and 2026. The results showed a consistent association between exposure to extreme heat during pregnancy and complications such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and intrauterine growth restriction. These effects are related to changes in maternal thermoregulation, reduced uteroplacental perfusion, inflammatory responses, and metabolic dysfunctions at the maternal-fetal interface. Additionally, socioeconomic and environmental factors increase the vulnerability of pregnant women, especially in low-income settings. The findings also reveal gaps in public policies aimed at protecting maternal and child health in the context of climate change. It is concluded that thermal stress represents a significant public health challenge, requiring integrated strategies for prevention, monitoring, and qualified prenatal care.