ABSENCE CRISIS IN PEDIATRICS: SYMPTOMATOLOGY, DIAGNOSISAND MANAGEMENT

Abstract

Introduction: Absence seizures are a generic form of primary generalized epilepsy in childhood, characterized by brief episodes of disconnection from the environment, with sudden interruption of activity and automatism. These seizures often go unnoticed or are confused with inattention, which can delay diagnosis and compromise the child's development. Objective: to conduct an integrative review of the literature on absence seizures in children, addressing their clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic strategies, to contribute to improving recognition and management of this condition. Materials and Methods: an integrative review of the literature was performed using the PubMed, BVS and Capes Periodical Portal databases. The descriptors used included “Absence Type Epilepsy,” “Differential Diagnosis,” “Electroencephalography.” Articles published in the last 5 years in English, Portuguese, and Spanish, with a focus on pediatrics, were included. The selection and analysis of the articles followed criteria of relevance and methodological quality. Results and Discussion: The reviewed studies highlight that absence seizures are manifested by brief episodes of loss of consciousness, without falling to the ground, usually lasting a few seconds. Diagnosis is made through detailed clinical history and confirmed by electroencephalogram (EEG), which shows generalized spike-and-wave discharges at 3 Hz. Management involves the use of antiepileptic drugs, such as ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine. Early recognition and appropriate treatment are essential to minimize impacts on the child's learning and quality of life. Conclusion: Absence seizures are a common neurological disorder in childhood, and early diagnosis is essential to avoid negative impacts on cognitive development. EEG remains the gold standard test for diagnostic confirmation, and appropriate pharmacological treatment allows good control of seizures. Awareness among health professionals and the community is essential to ensure early identification and appropriate management of this condition.