THE INFLUENCE OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON POLIO VACCINATION: AN ANALYSIS FROM 2019 TO 2022

Abstract

Introduction: Poliomyelitis, an acute viral infection caused by the poliovirus, primarily affects children under five years old and can lead to acute flaccid paralysis and, in severe cases, death. Vaccination with the Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) and the Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) is crucial for disease prevention, but the COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted vaccination coverage, causing a decline in global immunization rates. Objective: This study aims to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on polio vaccination coverage in Brazil from 2019 to 2022, identifying regional variations and trends, and proposing improvements to immunization strategies. Methods: This is a descriptive, quantitative time-series study that analyzed secondary data from the National Immunization Program Information System (SI-PNI), made available by DATASUS, on polio immunization in Brazil. Data collected in July 2024 cover the pre-pandemic (2019) and pandemic periods (2020-2022). Variables such as vaccination coverage, geographic regions, years, and vaccination schedules (IPV, OPV 1st and 2nd boosters) were analyzed. The descriptive analysis included calculating averages and identifying annual trends in vaccination coverage by region, as well as regional comparisons. Results: Between 2019 and 2022, polio vaccination coverage in Brazil showed regional variations. The South Region had the highest average, while the North Region recorded the lowest. For the 1st booster, coverage dropped from 74.62% to 60.50% before a slight recovery; for the 2nd booster, the national average was 64.46%, with the South Region standing out. Regional strategies, especially in the North and Northeast, are needed to improve rates. Discussion: Childhood vaccination is essential for preventing polio but faces challenges. The COVID-19 pandemic affected vaccination coverage, increasing inequalities and vaccine hesitancy. In 2021, 80% of children worldwide received three doses of the vaccine, while 25 million did not complete the primary series, with a greater impact on rural areas and middle-income countries. Conclusion: To sustain polio eradication, it is crucial to adapt vaccination policies to address challenges, reduce access inequalities, and promote awareness of the importance of vaccines.