BIPOLAR DISORDER: DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENTS, AND CLINICAL CHALLENGES

Abstract

Introduction: Bipolar disorder is a chronic psychiatric condition characterized by episodes of mania and depression, significantly impacting the lives of patients and their families. It is estimated to affect one to two percent of the global population, posing a substantial burden on healthcare systems and society. Objective: This article aims to conduct a bibliographic review on bipolar disorder, addressing the main aspects related to its diagnosis, treatment, and clinical challenges faced in psychiatric practice. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases, covering studies from 2009 to 2024, with specific inclusion criteria for diagnostic approaches, therapeutic strategies, and clinical challenges related to bipolar disorder. After rigorous selection, 36 studies were included. Results and Discussion: Diagnosing bipolar disorder presents significant clinical challenges, primarily due to its overlap with other mood disorders. Combining pharmacological treatments, such as mood stabilizers and antipsychotics, with psychosocial interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, proves more effective for stabilization and relapse prevention. Challenges include low treatment adherence, stigma, and comorbidities, which complicate clinical management and increase the risks of relapse and hospitalizations. Conclusion: The review highlights the need for continuous improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder, with an emphasis on individualized approaches and multidisciplinary clinical practice. Future studies should focus on the personalization of interventions and the development of public policies to reduce stigma and improve patients' quality of life.