VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH PREECLAMPSIA: ANALYSIS OF SURGICAL AND PREVENTIVE TREATMENT OPTIONS

Abstract

Introduction: Preeclampsia is a gestational complication characterized by hypertension and proteinuria, often resulting in vascular impairments that can affect both mother and fetus. These complications can manifest in several forms, including placental perfusion disorders, thrombosis, and hemorrhage. The long-term consequences for the vascular health of affected women are significant, highlighting the need for appropriate preventive and therapeutic approaches. The clinical management of this condition is complex and involves consideration of surgical and preventive interventions to minimize vascular risks. Objective: To examine surgical and preventive treatment options for vascular complications in patients with preeclampsia. Methodology: The methodology followed the PRISMA checklist, performing a search in databases such as PubMed, SciELO, and Web of Science. Five descriptors were used: "preeclampsia", "vascular complications", "surgical treatment", "preventive treatment", and "pregnancy". Inclusion criteria consisted of clinical studies, systematic reviews, and clinical trials published in the last 10 years that addressed surgical or preventive interventions. Exclusion criteria included articles that did not address vascular complications, studies with non-gestational populations, and publications that were not available in English, Portuguese, or Spanish. Results: Data analysis revealed that the most frequent vascular complications associated with preeclampsia include severe gestational hypertension, HELLP syndrome, and deep vein thrombosis. Surgical treatments, such as early cesarean section, have been shown to be effective in reducing acute risks. In addition, preventive interventions, including the use of low-dose aspirin, have been associated with a decreased incidence of preeclampsia in high-risk populations. Conclusion: The review highlighted the importance of multidisciplinary management in the prevention and treatment of vascular complications in patients with preeclampsia. Surgical and preventive options should be considered on an individualized basis, taking into account the risks and benefits for each patient. The literature points to the need for continuous monitoring of women after pregnancy, given their predisposition to cardiovascular diseases in the long term.