PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND THERAPEUTIC BASES OF NEONATAL JAUNDICE: A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW

Abstract

Introduction: Neonatal jaundice is a common clinical condition in newborns, characterized by the accumulation of bilirubin in the blood. Despite its high prevalence, it can result in severe complications if not diagnosed and treated early, such as bilirubin encephalopathy and kernicterus. This study addresses the pathophysiological basis, risk factors, and therapeutic interventions related to neonatal jaundice. Objective: To analyze and synthesize scientific evidence on the pathophysiological and therapeutic bases of neonatal jaundice. Methods: A systematic review of the literature published between 2009 and 2024 was conducted in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Original studies and reviews published in peer-reviewed journals, in English, Portuguese, and Spanish, that addressed neonatal jaundice were included. Results and Discussion: The prevalence of neonatal jaundice is high, especially in premature infants and in low-income regions. The main risk factors include prematurity, ABO/Rh incompatibility, and inadequate breastfeeding. Phototherapy is the primary intervention, with exchange transfusion being indicated in severe cases. Advances in diagnosis with transcutaneous bilirubinometry have improved early management. Conclusion: The review highlights the importance of effective diagnostic and therapeutic protocols to prevent severe complications of neonatal jaundice. A deeper understanding of risk factors and therapeutic approaches is essential to improving neonatal outcomes, especially in resource-limited regions.