RETINOBLASTOMA IN CHILDREN: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Abstract

Retinoblastoma is the most common form of pediatric ocular cancer, accounting for 2 to 4% of all pediatric cancers. Its origin is linked to a mutation in the tumor suppressor gene RB1. The survival rate is over 90% within five years with early diagnosis. The tumor can be sporadic or hereditary, with a rare variant associated with intracranial tumors. Symptoms include leukocoria (white spot in the pupil), strabismus, and vision deterioration. Immediate treatment can result in a cure, but late diagnosis can lead to severe complications. Survival is influenced by factors such as age, genetic predisposition, and time to diagnosis. Active visual screening, including the Red Reflex Test, is crucial, with fundoscopy recommended even in the absence of symptoms, and early diagnosis is essential for a positive outlook, with a 90% cure rate in early stages.