THE SCIENCE BEHIND LEARNING: NEUROPLASTICITY AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Abstract

This article analyzes the neurobiological mechanisms underlying human learning, with emphasis on the relationship between neuroplasticity and cognitive development. It is based on a narrative and integrative literature review drawing on classical and contemporary studies on brain plasticity, memory, development, and learning. The analysis addresses processes such as long-term potentiation (LTP), adult neurogenesis, synaptic pruning, and the functional reorganization of neural circuits, as well as modulating factors such as sleep, physical activity, stress, and emotional states. The relationships between neuroplasticity, executive functions, and school learning are also discussed, considering attention, working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility. The findings indicate that brain plasticity is not restricted to childhood but remains present throughout the lifespan, although it assumes different characteristics across developmental stages. It is concluded that understanding these mechanisms strengthens the dialogue between cognitive neuroscience and education, contributing to more evidence-informed pedagogical practices and to a non-reductionist understanding of learning processes.