TÉCNICAS E INNOVACIONES TECNOLÓGICAS EN EL DIAGNÓSTICO DE LESIONES ORALES POTENCIALMENTE MALIGNAS

Resumen

Introduction: Oral cancer is a critical public health challenge, where early detection is decisive in reducing morbidity and mortality. Traditional diagnosis relies on visual examination and biopsy, methods limited by subjectivity and the difficulty of identifying early dysplasias. In this scenario, oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) represent a crucial point for timely interventions. Stomatology is undergoing a technological transition, integrating artificial intelligence (AI), optical methods, and biomarkers for a more objective in vivo analysis. Objective: This study reviews the literature on the main technological innovations in the diagnosis of OPMDs, focusing on AI, advanced imaging, and biomarkers, analyzing their efficacy and applicability. Methodology: An integrative review was conducted in the PubMed database (2022–2026), using descriptors such as "Oral potentially malignant disorders" and "Artificial intelligence" under the PICO strategy. Fourteen articles in English were selected that address the technological impact on diagnostic accuracy. Results: The findings indicate that AI systems, such as Vision Transformers, possess accuracy comparable to specialists. Techniques like Raman spectroscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT) allow for "optical biopsies," detecting changes invisible to the naked eye. Additionally, biomarkers in body fluids offer less invasive screening to monitor malignant progression. Discussion: Diagnosis has evolved into a multimodal model where technology mitigates human error. However, challenges persist in generalizing AI models to real-world conditions and economic barriers to implementing technologies like OCT in developing countries. Integrating computational data with clinical expertise optimizes biopsy workflow and surgical precision. Conclusion: Technological innovations enable earlier and more personalized precision dentistry. The success of this transition depends on democratizing access to tools and professional training. Identifying early molecular changes is the key to transforming oral cancer prognosis and ensuring safe interventions.