CHALLENGES IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF WIND FARMS: INTEGRATION BETWEEN CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE, MECHANICAL AERODYNAMICS, AND ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS

Abstract

This article presents an integrative literature review on the challenges in the implementation of large-scale wind farms, focusing on the integration of Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Electrical Engineering. The methodology was based on the PRISMA 2020 protocol, with a systematic search conducted in the Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and ScienceDirect databases. Studies addressing multidisciplinary coupling in multi-MW wind turbines were included, while unidisciplinary studies were excluded. The results indicate that the main technological bottlenecks arise at the interfaces among these three fields, highlighting soil-structure interaction in Civil Engineering, aeroelastic and fatigue effects in Mechanical Engineering, and the role of advanced control systems and power electronics in Electrical Engineering. It was observed that traditional sequential approaches lead to structural overdesign and increased levelized cost of energy (LCOE). In contrast, strategies based on Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) and Digital Twins demonstrate greater efficiency and operational reliability. It is concluded that the technical and economic feasibility of modern wind farms depends on the systemic integration of these disciplines, making the adoption of co-designed and real-time controlled models essential.