VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY: MECHANISMS OF PROTECTION AND DEVELOPMENT

Abstract

Vaccines are one of the most effective strategies for preventing infectious diseases, acting through the induction of specific and long-lasting immune responses. This study aimed to analyze the immunology of vaccines, focusing on mechanisms of protection and the development of major vaccine platforms. It is a qualitative research based on a bibliographic review, using scientific articles and institutional documents published since 2015. The findings indicate that vaccine efficacy is associated with the integration between innate and adaptive immunity, involving the action of cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B and T lymphocytes, as well as antibody production and the establishment of immunological memory. It is also observed that different types of vaccines, including traditional and innovative technologies such as mRNA and viral vectors, present distinct profiles of immunogenicity and safety. Vaccine development follows rigorous stages, including preclinical studies, clinical trials, and regulatory approval processes, ensuring quality, safety, and effectiveness. It is concluded that, although technological advances have significantly expanded immunization possibilities, challenges remain regarding immune response durability, equitable access, and vaccine hesitancy, highlighting the need for continued investment in research and public health policies.