FOREIGN BODY COMPLICATIONS IN OTOLARYNGOLOGY

Abstract

The presence of foreign bodies (FBs) in the upper aerodigestive tract and in the otorhinolaryngology (ENT) cavities – ear, nose, and pharynx/larynx/proximal esophagus – constitutes a frequent clinical emergency, especially in the pediatric population. The associated morbidity does not primarily derive from the initial presence of the object, but rather from secondary complications that manifest due to the length of time the FB remains, its nature, and its anatomical location. This article aims to provide an in-depth clinical and pathophysiological review of the main complications arising from the retention of FBs in the ENT subunits, addressing otoscopy, rhinoscopy, pharyngoscopy, and the relevance of rigid/flexible endoscopy in diagnosis and management. The focus is on respiratory obstruction, tissue necrosis, secondary infection, and long-term sequelae.