THE ROLE OF MICRONUTRIENTS CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, AND ZINC IN REDUCING THE RISK OF PREECLAMPSIA

Abstract

Preeclampsia is one of the main complications of pregnancy, characterized by increased blood pressure and the presence of proteinuria after the 20th week, which can pose serious risks to both the mother and the fetus. Its origin is associated with multiple factors, including vascular, inflammatory, and nutritional changes. In this context, adequate intake of micronutrients plays a fundamental role in maintaining maternal health and preventing hypertensive disorders. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the importance of the micronutrients calcium, magnesium, and zinc in the prevention and management of preeclampsia, highlighting their mechanisms of action and the benefits of supplementation during pregnancy. Methodology: The methodology used consisted of a narrative literature review, with a survey of scientific articles published between 2010 and 2025 in the PubMed, SciELO, and BIREME databases, as well as guidelines from the World Health Organization (WHO) and documents from Ministry of Health. Studies were selected that addressed the relationship between maternal nutritional status, micronutrient intake, and the occurrence of preeclampsia. Development: The results of the review showed that calcium is directly related to the control of vascular tone and the regulation of blood pressure, with its supplementation recommended by the WHO for pregnant women with low dietary intake. Magnesium acts on muscle and nerve function and is also used in the treatment of eclampsia in the form of magnesium sulfate. Zinc, on the other hand, has antioxidant and immunomodulatory roles, contributing to endothelial integrity and oxidative balance. Deficiency of these minerals is associated with a higher risk of developing preeclampsia and gestational complications. Final considerations: It is concluded that adequate intake and supplementation of calcium, magnesium, and zinc are important strategies in the prevention of preeclampsia and should be incorporated into care actions nutritional care during prenatal care. Multiprofessional monitoring is essential to ensure a safer pregnancy and reduce maternal and fetal risks.