IMPACTS OF MATERNAL NUTRITION AND GESTATIONAL DIABETES ON FETAL DEVELOPMENT AND NEONATAL GROWTH: AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW

Abstract

Maternal nutrition is a key determinant of the intrauterine environment, directly influencing fetal growth and development. In the context of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), this relationship becomes even more critical, as appropriate dietary management plays a central role in glycemic regulation and in the prevention of fetal and neonatal complications. This integrative review aimed to analyze how nutritional interventions and dietary patterns adopted by pregnant women with GDM affect fetal development and neonatal growth. A systematic search of studies published between 2020 and 2025 was conducted in the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases, followed by a critical synthesis of the selected evidence. The findings indicate that low–glycemic index diets, higher fiber intake, adequate micronutrient consumption, and structured nutritional interventions contribute to improved maternal metabolic control, reduced rates of macrosomia, better neonatal body composition parameters, and a lower risk of neurodevelopmental alterations. Conversely, inadequate dietary patterns were associated with unfavorable fetal and neonatal outcomes. The review concludes that individualized nutritional management is an essential component of GDM care, reinforcing its importance in fostering a healthy intrauterine environment and preventing adverse perinatal outcomes.