EXPOSURE TO BISPHENOL A DURING PREGNANCY AND CHILDHOOD: EFFECTS AS AN ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR ON NEUROLOGICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Abstract

Endocrine disruptors are chemical substances capable of interfering with the hormonal system, altering essential physiological functions such as growth, metabolism, reproduction, and neurological development. In this context, Bisphenol A (BPA) is a compound widely used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, and is recognized as a major endocrine disruptor with significant public health implications. Human exposure to BPA is virtually unavoidable due to its presence in food packaging and everyday consumer products, raising particular concern during critical developmental periods such as pregnancy and childhood. This integrative review aimed to analyze scientific evidence regarding the effects of BPA exposure during these stages, with emphasis on neurological and immunological outcomes. The literature search was conducted in the PubMed® database, considering publications from 2015 to 2025. The selected studies indicate that even low concentrations of BPA can alter synaptic plasticity, impair cognitive functions, promote behavioral changes, and increase the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. Additionally, immune system alterations were identified, including cytokine modulation, disruptions in lymphocyte maturation, and increased susceptibility to inflammatory processes, allergies, and autoimmune diseases. Although some studies reported no significant associations, the overall body of evidence reinforces the potential risks of BPA for vulnerable populations and underscores the need for regulatory policies, educational strategies, and further longitudinal research.