RISK FACTORS RELATED TO COLORECTAL CANCER: LITERATURE REVIEW AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PREVENTION

Abstract

Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent neoplasms globally, with high incidence and mortality. This study reviewed evidence on modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors related to CRC and their implications for primary prevention. Methodology: An integrative, qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive literature review was conducted in the PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO, and BVS/LILACS databases, using descriptors in Portuguese and English with Boolean operators. Results: Articles published between 2020 and 2025 were included, including systematic reviews, meta-analyses, cohorts, case-control studies, and clinical trials. After screening, 19 studies were selected. Non-modifiable factors, such as family history, height, and polygenic genetic profile, increase susceptibility to CRC. Among the modifiable factors, consumption of red and processed meat, alcohol, and sedentary lifestyle increased the risk, while healthy habits, a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and fiber, regular physical activity, and aspirin use before age 70 showed a protective effect. Conclusion: The interaction between genetic and behavioral factors reinforces the need for preventive strategies for vulnerable groups, identifying risk determinants and protective practices for primary prevention.