TARTARIC ACID TOXICITY IN DOGS: REVIEW

Abstract

This article presents a literature review on tartaric acid intoxication in dogs, addressing pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical signs, laboratory findings, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic approaches. Recent clinical, histopathological, and experimental evidence suggests that tartaric acid, found in high concentrations in grapes, raisins, and tamarind, is the main nephrotoxic agent responsible for acute renal failure in these animals. Clinical signs range from gastrointestinal disturbances to neurological manifestations, while laboratory tests often reveal azotemia, electrolyte imbalances, and tubular proteinuria, consistent with acute kidney injury. Diagnosis is based on medical history, clinical presentation, and complementary tests, given the lack of a specific assay for tartaric acid. Recommended treatment includes early decontamination, intensive fluid therapy, and dialysis support in severe cases. Recent studies also suggest the use of OAT 1 inhibitors, such as probenecid, as a potential therapeutic strategy. It is concluded that early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial for prognosis, while owner education remains essential to prevent new cases.