SYNTHETIC DYES AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS: CHALLENGES, LEGISLATION AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS

Abstract

The use of dyes dates back to prehistoric times, evolving from natural pigments to over 100.000 synthetic dyes available today. This article explores the environmental impact of these compounds, which are widely used in the textile, food, and cosmetic industries, emphasizing their persistence, toxicity, and resistance to degradation. The primary objective is to define synthetic dyes and propose solutions to mitigate their environmental impact, focusing on current legislation and sustainable practices. The study adopts a deductive approach and includes a bibliographic review of regulations such as the National Solid Waste Policy (Law 12.305/2010) and CONAMA Resolution n°. 430/2011. Findings indicate that industrial effluents containing dyes often include toxic and recalcitrant compounds, which harm aquatic ecosystems and pose risks to human health. The article also highlights challenges in implementing treatment Technologies, such: physical, chemical, and biological processes, and the potential of hybrid strategies for contaminant removal. The conclusion underscores the need for stricter legislation, the development of clean technologies, and the promotion of biodegradable alternatives. Finally, it calls for increased investment in research to develop new materials and advanced effluent treatment methods.