EFFICACY OF NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS IN PREVENTING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES: AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW

Abstract

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent the leading cause of mortality worldwide and are associated with modifiable risk factors, such as inadequate diet, sedentary lifestyle, and obesity. Nutritional interventions have proven effective in preventing and controlling these diseases, since diet plays a crucial role in modulating risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. Objective: The objective of this integrative review is to evaluate the scientific evidence on the effectiveness of nutritional interventions in preventing cardiovascular diseases, focusing on specific diets, such as the Mediterranean, DASH, and other dietary strategies that aim to reduce risk factors. Methodology: A search was carried out in scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, to identify studies published between 2010 and 2023 that analyzed nutritional interventions aimed at preventing CVD. Randomized clinical trials, cohort studies, and systematic reviews that addressed the impact of low-sodium, high-fiber diets with restriction of saturated fats, and other dietary patterns on reducing cardiovascular events were included. After screening, 35 studies were included in the review. Results and Discussion: Evidence indicates that nutritional interventions based on the Mediterranean diet and the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) pattern are associated with a significant reduction in cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. The Mediterranean diet, rich in monounsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, and fiber, has been shown to decrease inflammatory markers and improve lipid profile. The DASH pattern, focused on reducing sodium and increasing the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products, has been shown to be effective in controlling blood pressure. In addition, diets high in fiber and low in saturated fats have also been highlighted for their effects on reducing LDL cholesterol levels. Despite the positive results, challenges related to long-term adherence and personalization of nutritional interventions were identified as important barriers to maximizing benefits. Conclusion: Nutritional interventions play an essential role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, with robust evidence that diets such as the Mediterranean and DASH can significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. However, long-term adherence and the need for individual adaptations remain challenges to be overcome to maximize results.