GESTATIONAL DIABETES AND CHRONIC BLOOD PRESSURE: IMPACT ON MATERNAL AND FETAL HEALTH

Abstract

Introduction Gestational diabetes and chronic hypertension are common and significant conditions during pregnancy, associated with several risks to maternal and fetal health. Gestational diabetes is characterized by the presence of high blood glucose levels that arise or are first detected during pregnancy, while chronic hypertension refers to high blood pressure levels that exist before pregnancy or are diagnosed before 20 weeks. of pregnancy. Both conditions can lead to serious complications such as preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and increased risk of premature birth. The interaction between these conditions requires careful, integrated management to minimize risks and improve health outcomes. Objective The objective of the systematic literature review was to examine the prevalence, risks, and management strategies of gestational diabetes and chronic hypertension during pregnancy, focusing on maternal and fetal impacts and best practices for controlling these conditions. Methodology To conduct the systematic review, the PRISMA checklist was used, covering the PubMed, Scielo and Web of Science databases. The descriptors included were "gestational diabetes", "chronic hypertension", "gestational complications", "glycemic control" and "blood pressure monitoring". Inclusion criteria involved articles published in the last 10 years, focusing on clinical studies and systematic reviews that addressed the specified conditions. The exclusion criteria eliminated articles that did not present original data, studies with inadequate sample sizes and research outside the gestational scope. Results The results revealed that both gestational diabetes and chronic hypertension are associated with a significant increase in complications for mother and baby. Maternal complications include increased risk of preeclampsia and premature birth, while fetal complications include macrosomia and intrauterine growth restriction. Continuous monitoring and strict control of conditions are essential, highlighting the importance of strategies such as a controlled diet and the use of appropriate medications. Education and prevention have been identified as critical factors in reducing prevalence and improving outcomes. Conclusion The systematic review confirmed that gestational diabetes and chronic hypertension represent significant challenges during pregnancy, with a profound impact on maternal and fetal health. Effective management of these conditions requires a multidisciplinary approach and constant vigilance. Early detection, close monitoring and appropriate interventions are essential to minimize risks and improve health outcomes. Additionally, implementing educational and preventive programs can play a crucial role in reducing the prevalence of these conditions and promoting long-term health for mothers and babies.