CERVICAL CANCER: A MEDICAL PERSPECTIVE

Abstract

This narrative literature review gathered articles from major databases to describe the diagnosis, clinical symptoms, risk factors, and treatment of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer, primarily caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), develops in the cells of the cervix and can progress from precursor lesions (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, CIN) to invasive cancer. Major risk factors include HPV infection, early onset of sexual activity, multiple sexual partners, compromised immune system, smoking, prolonged use of oral contraceptives, multiple births, and low socioeconomic status. Symptoms may be asymptomatic initially, but may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, and foul-smelling leukorrhea in advanced stages. Diagnosis is made by Pap smear, HPV testing, and colposcopy-guided biopsy. Treatment varies according to stage and includes surgery (conization and hysterectomy), radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Prevention is key, with emphasis on HPV vaccination, safe sexual practices and adherence to screening programs. Education and access to health services are essential to reduce the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer.