ANALYZING ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IN FEMALES: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a widely prevalent neurodegenerative condition worldwide, affecting both sexes and representing the primary cause of cognitive decline and loss of functional capacity. This article provides a critical review of gender-specific aspects of AD, emphasizing the underlying reasons for gender disparities and their clinical and social implications. An integrative review was conducted using the PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar databases with search terms "Alzheimer's Disease" AND "dementia" OR "gender." Among the initially identified 19,900 articles, 12 studies met the inclusion criteria, including English-language articles published between 2002 and 2023, focusing on AD in females and its epidemiological and clinical aspects. The prevalence of AD shows significant gender disparities, with a notable predominance in females. Although the risk in the early stages is comparable or slightly higher in males, females have a higher risk of severe clinical symptoms as the disease progresses, especially after the age of 65. The influence of estrogen, genetics, and gender-specific risk factors is explored. Depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders are more prevalent in female AD patients. Physical activity has protective effects that vary according to estrogen levels, with greater benefits observed in high-estrogen conditions. Caregivers, predominantly females, face substantial psychological and physical challenges while caring for AD patients. Caregivers may also experience cognitive issues, and spouses of individuals with AD have an elevated risk of developing the condition. AD in females presents unique and multifaceted challenges, including hormonal, social, and economic factors. Understanding these gender differences is crucial for personalized prevention and care strategies. While estrogen's role appears significant, complexities persist, warranting further investigation. Gender-specific risk factors and intervention strategies must be recognized to comprehensively address this condition in both research and clinical practice, taking into account its holistic nature.