THE ROLE OF GUT MICROBIOTA IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF OBESITY AND INSULIN RESISTANCE

Abstract

 Obesity and insulin resistance are significant public health issues associated with the development of metabolic and  cardiovascular diseases. In recent years, the gut microbiota has gained prominence due to its potential role in  regulating energy metabolism, inflammation, and glucose homeostasis. This study aimed to analyze the role of gut  microbiota in the pathophysiology of obesity and insulin resistance, highlighting the key mechanisms involved in this  relationship. Literature indicates that alterations in the composition and diversity of gut bacteria—termed dysbiosis—can affect intestinal barrier integrity, short-chain fatty acid metabolism, metabolite production, and the body's  inflammatory response. Increased intestinal permeability can facilitate the translocation of bacterial components into  the bloodstream, contributing to a state of chronic low-grade inflammation, which is considered a mechanism linked  to insulin resistance. Furthermore, the microbiota can influence energy harvest from food and participate in regulating  hormones and metabolic pathways associated with satiety, fat storage, and glycemic control. Thus, understanding the  interplay between gut microbiota, obesity, and insulin resistance may aid in developing preventive and therapeutic  strategies aimed at metabolic health. It is concluded that gut microbiota plays a significant role in the pathophysiology  of these conditions, although the relationship is complex and influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, medication  use, and individual characteristics. Understanding these mechanisms underscores the importance of integrated  approaches, particularly those that emphasize healthy dietary habits and the maintenance of a balanced gut  microbiota.