GASTROINTESTINAL DYSBIOSIS IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF FUNCTIONAL DIGESTIVE DISEASES: A REVIEW OF MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND PROGNOSTIC FACTORS

Abstract

Gastrointestinal dysbiosis has gained prominence as a determining factor in the pathophysiology of functional digestive diseases. This article presents a narrative literature review aiming to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the dysregulation of the intestinal microbiota and its correlation with clinical symptoms, subclinical inflammation, neuroendocrine alterations, and the impact on patients' quality of life. The analysis of the studies revealed that microbial imbalance affects intestinal permeability, activates immune-inflammatory pathways, and modifies gut-brain axis signaling, contributing to manifestations such as abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, or functional diarrhea. Furthermore, dysbiosis has been associated with prognostic factors and therapeutic response in various clinical contexts. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms reinforces the importance of integrative and personalized approaches in the treatment of functional digestive diseases, emphasizing interventions that promote the restoration of intestinal microbial homeostasis.