IMPACT OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS IN GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TIME TO INTERVENTION AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES – A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Abstract

Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is an acute autoimmune polyradiculoneuropathy of the peripheral nervous system that may progress to respiratory failure and death. Early identification of GBS is crucial, as therapy should be initiated before the consolidation of irreversible neuronal damage. This systematic review (PubMed, SciELO, Google Scholar; 2010–2025) selected 14 of 40 identified studies, which were assessed using Cochrane and Effective Public Health Practice Project tools. A consistent association was observed between diagnostic delay and poorer outcomes, including a higher risk of respiratory failure, need for mechanical ventilation, and persistent motor deficits. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) administration within the first two weeks was associated with faster recovery and lower residual disability, with a reduction in benefit when treatment was delayed. Axonal subtypes were associated with longer ventilation duration and hospital stays. Imaging methods, including peripheral nerve ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging, demonstrated utility in early diagnosis, complementing clinical and electrophysiological assessments. It is concluded that rapid diagnosis followed by immunomodulatory intervention within the first two weeks is a key modifiable determinant of prognosis, reducing mortality, the need for ventilatory support, and residual disability. Early detection protocols and professional training are recommended to optimize timely referral and treatment.