HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF IRRIGATING SOLUTIONS AND ACTIVATION METHODS IN ENDODONTICS

Abstract

This study aimed to review the historical evolution of irrigating solutions and activation methods used in Endodontics, highlighting the major advances that have contributed to improving the cleaning and disinfection of the root canal system. This narrative literature review adopted a descriptive and qualitative approach and was conducted through searches in the PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO, LILACS, and Google Scholar databases using descriptors related to endodontic irrigation, irrigating solutions, and irrigant activation. The findings revealed a progressive evolution of irrigation protocols, ranging from the use of inert solutions to the consolidation of sodium hypochlorite, chelating agents, and multifunctional formulations. Furthermore, the development of activation methods, including manual dynamic activation, sonic and ultrasonic systems, and negative-pressure irrigation, significantly enhanced the effectiveness of irrigants by improving their distribution throughout the root canal system. It can be concluded that the combined evolution of irrigating solutions and activation methods has played a fundamental role in advancing endodontic therapy, contributing to safer, more predictable, and more effective treatment protocols.