EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF EPILEPSY IN BRAZIL: A REVIEW OF SOCIOECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC DETERMINANTS

Abstract

Introduction: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease of high public health relevance, with a heterogeneous distribution strongly influenced by socioeconomic and demographic determinants in Brazil. Regional inequalities, limitations in access to health services, and stigmatization contribute to underdiagnosis and inadequate management of the condition. Objective: To analyze the epidemiological distribution of epilepsy in Brazil, with emphasis on associated socioeconomic and demographic determinants, based on recent scientific evidence. Methods: This is a systematic literature review, conducted in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO, and LILACS databases, considering publications from the last ten years. Studies addressing the epidemiology of epilepsy in Brazil with analysis of social and demographic variables were included. After screening and applying eligibility criteria, 68 studies comprised the qualitative synthesis. Results and Discussion: A higher concentration of cases was observed in the North and Northeast regions, associated with worse socioeconomic conditions and less access to healthcare. The age profile showed a bimodal distribution, with a higher incidence in children and the elderly. Factors such as low income, education, race/color, and limited access to treatment directly influence clinical outcomes. High morbidity and mortality, significant economic impact, and persistent social stigma are also highlighted. Gaps were identified in national scientific production, especially in longitudinal studies and integrated analyses. Conclusion: Epilepsy in Brazil is strongly associated with social and regional inequalities, demanding integrated strategies that expand access to diagnosis and treatment, strengthen primary care, and reduce inequities. The production of scientific evidence is essential to support better public policies.