IRRATIONAL USE OF ANTIBIOTICS IN BRAZIL AND THE IMPACT OF SELF-MEDICATION ON ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE DURING THE PANDEMIC AND POST-PANDEMIC PERIODS OF COVID-19: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Abstract

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance represents one of the main global threats to public health and is associated with the inappropriate use of antibiotics in both hospital and community settings. The COVID-19 pandemic led to significant changes in antimicrobial prescribing and consumption patterns, increasing concerns related to the selection of resistant microorganisms. Objective: To analyze the scientific evidence on the impact of irrational antibiotic use and self-medication on antimicrobial resistance in Brazil during the pandemic and post-pandemic periods of COVID-19. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using scientific databases, including the Virtual Health Library (VHL), MEDLINE, PubMed, SciELO, and ScienceDirect, with studies published between 2020 and 2025. Screening and organization of studies were performed using the Rayyan software. Article selection was carried out rigorously, considering previously established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: The analyzed studies showed a significant increase in empirical and inappropriate antibiotic use during the pandemic, often associated with self-medication practices. This scenario was linked to the rise of resistant microorganisms in both community and hospital settings, indicating relevant public health implications. Conclusion: The pandemic acted as an accelerating factor in the evolution of antimicrobial resistance, reinforcing the need to strengthen public policies, antimicrobial stewardship programs, and educational strategies aimed at the rational use of antibiotics.