ORTHOPEDIC ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY: INNOVATIONS, APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

Abstract

This article presents an integrative and comprehensive review of the field of Orthopedic Engineering, outlining its fundamentals, applied technologies, and future trends. Initially, the scope of this multidisciplinary discipline, situated at the interface between medicine and engineering, dedicated to solving clinical problems of the musculoskeletal system, is defined. The fundamental pillars are explored, with emphasis on Biomechanics, which provides the quantitative basis for the analysis of movements and loads, and the science of Biomaterials, essential for the development of biocompatible and mechanically competent implants. Next, the work describes the main Applied Technologies that are revolutionizing the practice, such as 3D imaging, computer-assisted surgery, and, above all, Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing), which enables the mass customization of implants and surgical guides. The analysis moves on to the final products of the area, examining the evolution of Prostheses and Orthoses from static devices to dynamic, intelligent, and integrated systems. Finally, the boundaries of the field are discussed, converging towards tissue regeneration through biofabrication and the development of intelligent implants with monitoring capabilities. It is concluded that Orthopedic Engineering is undergoing a paradigmatic transformation, driven by technological convergence and the pursuit of increasingly personalized, predictive, and regenerative solutions for the health of the musculoskeletal system.