THE INFLUENCE OF MATERNAL NUTRITIONAL STATUS DURING PREGNANCY ON THE RISK OF ADHD IN CHILDREN: AN INTEGRATIVE LITERATURE REVIEW

Abstract

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, with onset in childhood and significant impact on academic, social, and adult life. Recent studies have indicated that nutritional factors during pregnancy may influence fetal neurodevelopment and, consequently, the risk of ADHD. Nutrients such as iron, iodine, zinc, and omega-3 fatty acids play an essential role in the formation of the central nervous system. Deficiencies in these nutrients are associated with cognitive and behavioral impairments, potentially increasing susceptibility to ADHD.The development of this study is based on an integrative literature review that gathers and analyzes scientific publications from the last ten years, available in databases such as PubMed and SciELO. The included articles investigate the relationship between maternal nutritional status, dietary quality during pregnancy, and the risk of neurodevelopmental alterations in children, focusing specifically on the manifestation of ADHD. The findings suggest that healthy maternal dietary patterns, rich in micronutrients and essential fatty acids, are associated with better cognitive and behavioral outcomes in children. In contrast, pro-inflammatory diets high in saturated fats and ultra-processed foods have been linked to an increased risk of neuropsychological alterations and ADHD-like symptoms.As final considerations, it is observed that maternal nutritional status has a significant influence on fetal brain development, reinforcing the importance of a balanced diet during pregnancy as a preventive factor for ADHD. Promoting nutritional interventions aimed at pregnant women may help reduce the risk of neurobehavioral disorders in childhood and improve maternal and child health. Furthermore, this study highlights the need for further research to deepen the understanding of the biological mechanisms involved and to support public policies focused on nutrition and mental health from the gestational period onward.