SCHIZOPHRENIA IN FOCUS: DIAGNOSTIC, THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS AND CHALLENGES IN MEDICAL PRACTICE

Abstract

Introduction: Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder affecting approximately 1% of the global population, with a significant impact on patients' functionality and quality of life. Despite advances in treatment, challenges related to diagnosis, management, and access to care persist. Objective: This article aims to explore the main advances and limitations related to the diagnosis, therapeutic approaches, and clinical challenges associated with schizophrenia. Methods: This bibliographic review was conducted through a systematic search of scientific literature published over the last 10 years, covering the period from 2014 to 2024. The databases consulted included PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Scielo. Results and Discussion: Schizophrenia is more prevalent in urban areas of developed countries, with differences in the age of onset between genders. Pharmacological treatments, while effective for positive symptoms, show limitations in addressing negative and cognitive symptoms and carry significant adverse effects. Psychosocial interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, occupational rehabilitation, and family support, provide benefits in management but face access barriers, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Advances in neuroimaging, genetics, and artificial intelligence hold potential for improving diagnosis but still face ethical and logistical challenges. Conclusion: Managing schizophrenia requires integrated strategies combining pharmacological and psychosocial interventions, emphasizing personalized treatment. Public policies that promote multidisciplinary care and expand access to specialized services are essential to improve patients' quality of life and reduce the societal impact of the disease.