CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND CLASSIFICATION

Abstract

This study aimed to describe the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, stages, and preventive measures of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), contributing to knowledge and awareness of this growing condition. This is a narrative, descriptive-exploratory literature review conducted on Google Scholar between April and May 2025. Descriptors combined with the Boolean operator AND were used. Initially, 158 studies were identified, of which only 10 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. The results showed that CKD is a progressive, multifactorial, and silent disease, often associated with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. A reduction in the glomerular filtration rate classifies the disease into five stages, with stage V characterized by renal failure and the need for replacement therapy. Clinical manifestations include anemia, edema, metabolic acidosis, and fluid retention. Healthy habits, risk factor management, and regular medical follow-up were found to be essential for preventing or slowing disease progression. The conclusion is that early diagnosis combined with educational strategies focused on prevention and health promotion are essential for improving the prognosis and quality of life of patients with CKD.