ORBITOPATHY WITH SERIOUS CAUSES, CLINICAL SIGNS AND TREATMENT

Abstract

Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is an autoimmune manifestation associated with Graves' disease, often characterized by inflammation and remodeling of the orbital tissues. It is the most common extrathyroidal complication of this condition and can significantly impact the quality of life of patients due to visual, aesthetic and functional changes. This article reviews the main aspects of GO, addressing its causes, clinical signs, classification by severity and treatment strategies. Clinically, GO presents in different degrees of severity. In the mild form, symptoms such as ocular irritation, discrete tearing, eyelid edema and moderate conjunctival hyperemia predominate. The moderate form may include more evident proptosis, intermittent diplopia and significant inflammation. In severe cases, patients may present with constant diplopia, marked proptosis and compressive optic neuropathy, a complication that can lead to irreversible visual loss. To assess inflammatory activity, the clinical activity index (CAS) is used, which considers symptoms such as pain when moving the eyes, conjunctival hyperemia and edema. The management of GO depends on its severity and the stage the patient is in. Regardless of the stage, strict control of thyroid function and smoking cessation are essential to prevent disease progression or recurrence. In conclusion, GO is a challenging condition that requires an individualized approach and multidisciplinary management. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are essential to minimize complications and improve the quality of life of patients. Recognition of the stages and severity of the disease, combined with advances in therapeutic options, provides a more effective approach and better clinical outcomes.