FROM PREVENTION TO TREATMENT: A DETAILED REVIEW OF CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME

Abstract

Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) is a complex and severe condition caused by fetal infection with the rubella virus during pregnancy. Rubella, a viral infection, can result in a range of congenital anomalies if the infection occurs in the first trimester of pregnancy. This syndrome is characterized by a set of malformations that can affect various body systems and lead to serious long-term complications for the health and development of the affected child. The link between maternal rubella and CRS was recognized in the 1960s when rubella outbreaks were associated with a significant increase in congenital malformations, leading to the implementation of mass vaccination programs. The introduction of the rubella vaccine, often administered as part of the combined measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, has been successful in reducing the incidence of CRS in countries with high vaccination coverage. Despite these advances, CRS remains a public health concern in areas with low vaccination coverage and in developing countries. The syndrome not only compromises the physical health of newborns but also imposes a considerable burden on families and healthcare systems due to the need for specialized care and the long-term impact on the child's development. Continued research is essential to enhance understanding of CRS pathogenesis, optimize diagnostics and treatments, and improve prevention strategies. Early diagnosis and appropriate intervention can mitigate the complications associated with CRS and improve outcomes for those affected. This paper reviews the existing literature on CRS, addressing key aspects such as the epidemiology of the syndrome, the pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to its clinical manifestations, current approaches to diagnosis and treatment, and prevention strategies. The review also highlights the importance of ongoing vaccination campaigns and the need for constant vigilance to maintain progress in reducing CRS. Furthermore, a multidisciplinary approach to managing the syndrome is essential, involving various medical specialties to address the diverse manifestations of CRS in an integrated manner. The aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of the syndrome and offer valuable information for healthcare professionals and researchers involved in the management and prevention of CRS.