ETHNOZOOLOGY AND CONSERVATION IN THE CAATINGA: CHALLENGES AND PATHWAYS TOWARD THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE ONLY EXCLUSIVELY BRAZILIAN BIOME

Abstract

The Caatinga—a biome found only in Brazil—possesses a rich biodiversity, including many animal species endemic to the region. However, the Caatinga faces significant social and environmental threats stemming from both past and present human activities. Ethnozoology emerges as a scientific field that contributes to the conservation of the Caatinga by recovering and valuing local knowledge regarding its fauna. This study explores the tools, actions, and public policies necessary for the conservation of the Caatinga, integrating ethnozoological knowledge, environmental education, protected areas, and legislation. To this end, we conducted a narrative literature review, employing a descriptive-exploratory, qualitative approach. We analyzed scientific articles and legislation concerning human-fauna interactions and the environmental impacts within the Brazilian semiarid region. Our findings indicate that the majority of ethnozoological studies remain limited to describing specific uses of fauna, such as in traditional medicine (zootherapy) or hunting; there is a notable lack of practical, participatory approaches aimed at the conservation of the Caatinga. We conclude that effective protection of the Caatinga requires overcoming the fragmentation of public policies by harmonizing protective legislation, strengthening strictly protected areas, promoting critical environmental education, and engaging traditional communities as active participants in the monitoring and management of the fauna.