INTESTINAL DYSBIOSIS AND RECURRENT VULVOVAGINAL CANDIDIASIS: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF MECHANISMS, RISK FACTORS, AND NUTRITIONAL APPROACHES

Abstract

Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis is characterized by repeated infections caused by Candida spp. and may be associated with changes in the intestinal and vaginal microbiota, as well as immunological, hormonal, metabolic, dietary, and medication-related factors. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between intestinal dysbiosis and recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis, emphasizing the influence of diet and nutritional strategies on microbiota modulation and recurrence reduction. This qualitative and descriptive literature review was based on studies addressing intestinal dysbiosis, vaginal microbiota, risk factors, and nutritional contributions to microbial balance. The findings indicated that recurrent antibiotic use, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, hormonal and immunological changes, biofilm formation, and microbial imbalances may promote recurrence. The intestinal tract and perianal region may act as reservoirs for Candida spp. and contribute to vaginal recolonization, although this causal relationship remains inconclusive. A balanced diet rich in fiber, prebiotics, and probiotics may benefit intestinal health and immune modulation; however, evidence regarding the prevention of recurrence remains limited. It was concluded that nutritional strategies may complement patient care without replacing diagnosis, species identification, and antifungal treatment. Further studies are required to confirm their effectiveness in preventing recurrent episodes.