IMPACT OF IRON SUPPLEMENTATION ON NEUROCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT AND THE MANAGEMENT OF NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW

Abstract

Objective: To analyze current scientific evidence regarding the effects of oral iron supplementation on cognitive function (intelligence, attention, and memory) and the management of symptoms associated with neurodevelopmental disorders—specifically ADHD—in children and adolescents. Methods: This is an integrative literature review conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 protocol and Cochrane Collaboration guidelines. The search covered the PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases. Methodological quality and the certainty of evidence were assessed using the RoB 2 and JBI tools and the GRADE system. Results: Thirteen studies were included, demonstrating a positive impact of iron supplementation on intelligence quotient (overall SMD between 0.46 and 0.47), attention, and memory; benefits were significantly greater in school-aged children with baseline iron-deficiency anemia (SMD between 0.79 and 1.01). Interventions lasting four months or longer were found to be more effective in consolidating cognitive gains. Regarding ADHD management, although there is evidence of low brain iron levels in subcortical regions, the certainty of evidence regarding clinical symptom improvement following supplementation remains classified as "very low." Technological formulations (such as liposomal iron) and low-dose regimens (2 mg/kg/day) showed a superior safety profile, favoring treatment adherence. Conclusion: Iron homeostasis is crucial for preserving intellectual potential and brain maturation during childhood. Pediatric practice should prioritize early diagnosis and therapeutic strategies focused on gastrointestinal tolerability to ensure long-term neurocognitive benefits.