NEURONUTRITION AND DIETARY NEUROMODULATION: HOW THE BRAIN REGULATES HUNGER, COMPULSION, AND BEHAVIOR

Abstract

This narrative review examines how the brain integrates homeostatic, hedonic, and cognitive signals to regulate hunger, binge-eating, and food-related behavior, an emerging framework we term neuronutrition and dietary neuromodulation. We synthesize neurobiological evidence on hypothalamic circuits (notably AgRP/NPY and POMC/CART neurons), brainstem pathways, and the mesolimbic dopaminergic system underlying reward and motivation, alongside top-down modulation from prefrontal cortex and insula. We address the gut–brain axis—including leptin, insulin, ghrelin, GLP-1, and PYY—microbiota interactions, neuroinflammation, and stress (HPA axis) as contributors to hyperphagia and compulsivity. From a behavioral perspective, we analyze how ultra-processed foods, environmental cues, sleep restriction, and circadian misalignment shift reward sensitivity and impair inhibitory control. The review also covers neuromodulation and translational strategies: noninvasive brain stimulation (TMS, tDCS) targeting executive-control and salience networks; pharmacotherapies (e.g., GLP-1 agonists) combined with dietary approaches (diet quality, protein timing, fermentable fibers); and self-regulation tools (neurofeedback, mindfulness, cognitive-behavioral therapy). Finally, we propose an integrative model linking peripheral signals, central circuits, and psychosocial context, highlighting clinical implications for obesity and eating disorders, and methodological gaps (ecologically valid measures, endophenotype-based stratification, and long-term outcomes). By bridging mechanisms and applications, this work provides a practical scaffold for clinicians and researchers seeking to personalize interventions that restore energy homeostasis and reduce compulsive eating.