IMPACTS OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE IN ADULTHOOD

Abstract

Diagnostic and therapeutic advances have increased the survival of individuals with congenital heart disease (CHD), allowing most to reach adulthood. However, this group faces multifactorial challenges that affect their health and quality of life. The aim of this study is to analyze the main impacts of congenital heart disease in adulthood, considering physical, cognitive, psychological, and social aspects, as well as to discuss the need for integrated care strategies. A literature review was conducted in major medical databases using the descriptors “heart defects congenital,” “adult,” and “impact,” with the Boolean operator “AND.” All articles published between 2020 and 2025 were included in the primary analysis. The studies reviewed highlight physical limitations related to reduced functional capacity, the presence of pain, and an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. A high prevalence of psychiatric disorders (anxiety, depression, ADHD) and neurocognitive deficits affecting memory, attention, and executive function was also observed. From a social perspective, socioeconomic inequalities, gender barriers, and ethnic-racial disparities directly impact access to specialized care and treatment adherence. Early interventions in mental health, physical therapy, and multidisciplinary follow-up were associated with better clinical outcomes and improved quality of life. Thus, adults with congenital heart disease face significant impacts that go beyond cardiovascular aspects, involving cognitive, psychological, and social dimensions. The implementation of specialized centers and comprehensive care strategies is necessary to ensure equitable access, psychosocial support, and continuous follow-up. Future studies should further investigate effective interventions capable of reducing inequalities and optimizing the quality of life of these individuals.