INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS AND THE RELEVANCE OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS IN CLINICAL PRACTICE

Abstract

Introduction: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a severe disease characterized by infection of the endocardium, usually affecting the heart valves. Its etiology is predominantly bacterial, with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus viridans being the most common causative agents. The disease has a high morbidity and mortality rate, especially when diagnosis and treatment are delayed. Clinical signs may be nonspecific, such as fever, fatigue, and weight loss, making early recognition difficult. Therefore, the rapid identification of IE is essential for reducing complications and improving prognosis. Objective: This study aims to emphasize the importance of early diagnosis in infective endocarditis, highlighting its relevance in reducing severe complications and increasing therapeutic effectiveness. Methodology: A literature review was conducted based on scientific articles, clinical guidelines, and case reports available in databases such as PubMed, Scielo, and Google Scholar. Studies addressing the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic approaches of IE were selected. Discussion: IE can occur due to hematogenous spread of microorganisms, often associated with invasive procedures, intravenous drug use, and the presence of prosthetic valves. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, laboratory tests, and imaging exams, such as echocardiography, which plays a crucial role in identifying valvular vegetations. A delay in diagnosis can lead to complications such as heart failure, septic embolism, and myocardial abscesses. Treatment includes prolonged antibiotic therapy and, in severe cases, surgical intervention. Prevention is also essential, especially in high-risk patients, through antibiotic prophylaxis and strict infection control. Conclusion: Early diagnosis of infective endocarditis is essential for reducing mortality and preventing complications. Rapid symptom recognition and the use of appropriate diagnostic tests enable effective and timely treatment. Furthermore, preventive measures are crucial to avoid the occurrence of the disease in at-risk groups. Awareness of the severity of IE and the importance of its early detection is fundamental to improving patient prognosis.