MULTIFACTORIAL APPROACH TO CHRONIC VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY: DIAGNOSIS, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, AND CLINICAL MANAGEMENT

Abstract

Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a common condition affecting the venous system of the lower extremities, characterized by difficulties in blood return to the heart due to malfunctioning venous valves. This dysfunction results in symptoms such as pain, edema, a feeling of heaviness in the legs, and in more advanced cases, skin changes and venous ulcers. CVI is a multifactorial condition associated with risk factors such as advanced age, female gender, obesity, family history, and occupations involving prolonged standing. The pathophysiology involves a complex process of venous hypertension, chronic inflammation, and tissue remodeling, which contribute to disease progression. Diagnosis is based on clinical history, physical examination, and complementary tests such as Doppler ultrasonography. Management of CVI includes both conservative measures, such as compression therapy and lifestyle modifications, and surgical interventions in more severe cases. Early identification and appropriate treatment are essential to prevent severe complications and improve patients' quality of life.