TECHNOLOGY GEOPOLITICS, DIGITAL ECONOMY, AND STRUCTURAL INEQUALITY

Abstract

The accelerated advancement of digital technologies has promoted profound transformations in contemporary economic, political, and social relations. In this context, technology has ceased to be merely a production support tool and has become a strategic element in the configuration of global geopolitics. This study aimed to identify the main technological milestones that have reshaped geopolitics in recent decades, analyzing human and economic development indicators in light of the expansion of Big Tech companies and Artificial Intelligence, as well as discussing the concept of technological sovereignty and its impacts on the autonomy of developing countries. Methodologically, this is a descriptive study with a mixed-method approach, based on a bibliographic review, documentary analysis, and the collection of socioeconomic indicators from international organizations. The results indicate that, although digital technologies contribute to productivity growth, connectivity, and innovation, they also intensify processes of income concentration, economic power, and political influence. The findings reveal that the control of data, algorithms, semiconductors, and digital infrastructure has become a central instrument of geopolitical power, increasing the technological dependence of peripheral nations. It is concluded that technology has a dual nature, acting both as a driver of development and as a mechanism for deepening structural inequalities. Therefore, the development of technological sovereignty strategies, combined with international regulation and investments in education, is essential to foster a more inclusive and sustainable development model.