ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE AND TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR ENERGY IN THE BRAZILIAN NORTHEAST: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Abstract

This study aims to synthesize and critically organize the scientific knowledge on the electrical performance and technical feasibility of photovoltaic solar energy in the Brazilian Northeast, considering technical, environmental, regulatory, and socioeconomic dimensions. The investigation seeks to understand the fundamentals of photovoltaic conversion, quantify the regional solarimetric potential, analyze relevant environmental constraints, examine the current regulatory framework, and assess emerging technologies applicable to the Northeastern context. The method consists of a qualitative literature review, including scientific articles, dissertations, and technical documents published between 2009 and 2025, complemented by analyses of solarimetric atlases and regulatory documents produced by institutions such as ANEEL, EPE, and INPE. The content was structured into five axes: conversion fundamentals, solar potential, environmental constraints, regulation, and technological evolution. The results show that the Northeast presents irradiation levels between 1,800 and 2,400 kWh/m²/year, with an average productivity of 1,650 kWh/kWp/year. However, high operating temperatures generate losses between 8% and 14%, while dust accumulation can reduce performance by up to 12%. Second-generation technologies exhibit higher Performance Ratio than crystalline silicon, and solar–wind complementarity supports more stable hybrid systems. It is concluded that the Northeast has exceptional conditions for photovoltaic expansion, requiring regulatory support, appropriate technological selection, and integrated policies that ensure sustainable growth of the regional electrical matrix.