ANATOMY AND VARIATIONS OF CRANIAL NERVES: CLINICAL AND SURGICAL IMPLICATIONS

Abstract

This article aimed to analyze the anatomical variations of the cranial nerves and their clinical and surgical implications, focusing on the prevention of iatrogenic injuries during medical and surgical procedures. The research was conducted through a systematic literature review following PRISMA guidelines, with searches in the MEDLINE, LILACS, and SciELO databases. Studies describing variations in the pathways and branching of cranial nerves and their relevance to clinical practice were selected. The results indicated that the facial nerve presents aberrant courses in the tympanic segment and variations in the distribution of extracranial branches, making it vulnerable in otological procedures and head and neck surgeries. Additionally, anatomical variations were observed in the accessory and hypoglossal nerves, increasing the risk of damage in neurosurgical approaches. The study also highlighted the importance of advanced imaging techniques, such as three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging and neurography, in diagnosis and surgical planning. It is concluded that an in-depth understanding of anatomical variations, combined with the use of technology and cadaver training, can minimize intraoperative complications and improve clinical outcomes, contributing to greater safety and efficacy in medical procedures.