OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER: DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Abstract

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by the presence of obsessions and compulsions that cause significant distress and functional impairment. Obsessions are intrusive, persistent, and unwanted thoughts that generate anxiety, while compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce this anxiety. With a global prevalence estimated between 1-2%, OCD can onset in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood and negatively impacts individuals' quality of life. Diagnosis is clinical, based on identifying symptom patterns and excluding other psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety disorders and personality disorders. The etiology of OCD involves a combination of genetic and neurobiological factors, with evidence suggesting hereditary predisposition and dysfunctions in specific brain circuits, such as the cortico-striatal circuits. Treatment of OCD typically includes a multimodal approach, combining medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), with psychotherapy, with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) using exposure and response prevention techniques being the most effective. Recent studies highlight the importance of personalized approaches in treatment, considering symptom severity and the presence of comorbidities to optimize outcomes. Despite advancements in understanding the pathological mechanisms of OCD, significant gaps remain that need to be addressed.