AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD): ETIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Abstract

Introduction: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition that involves challenges in social communication and repetitive behaviors. The understanding of its etiology, diagnosis and therapeutic interventions has advanced significantly in recent years. Objective: The objective of this article is to carry out a literature review on Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), focusing on its etiology, diagnosis and treatment. Methods: This review was conducted through a systematic search of scientific literature published between 2013 and 2023, using the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar databases. The inclusion criteria involved original studies and reviews in English, Portuguese or Spanish, focused on the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of ASD. Of the studies initially identified, 58 were selected for detailed analysis. Results and Discussion: The etiology of ASD is multifactorial, involving genetic and environmental factors. Genetic studies have identified several mutations associated with ASD, while environmental factors, such as maternal infections, increase the risk of development. The neurobiology of ASD reveals alterations in brain connectivity and synaptic function. Advances in brain imaging techniques and biomarkers improve diagnostic accuracy. Therapeutic interventions include behavioral, pharmacological and technological approaches, with Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) being widely used. Assistive technologies are emerging as promising for improving communication skills. Conclusion: The complexity of ASD requires a multifaceted approach to its understanding and management. Advances in genetics, neurobiology and diagnostic techniques are essential for early and effective interventions. Ongoing research is essential to develop preventive and therapeutic strategies that improve the quality of life of individuals with ASD and their families.